Montana 1948 free essay sample

Paper Montana 1948 â€Å"Don’t accuse Montana! † He stated, â€Å"Don’t ever accuse Montana! † Who is at fault for the occasions of 1948? Talk about Montana 1948, by Larry Watson is novel set in American mid-west that brings up an issue who was at fault for the awful occasions that happened that mid year. David Hayden the storyteller of Montana re-gathers incredible data that maintain his dad Wesley Hayden losing control of himself and his feeling to his little girl in-law because of the reality, she remarked it was the â€Å"wild west† who was at fault. It got dynamic to the peruser, that because of Wesley’s activities that Montana was really essential to him and he would not acknowledge anybody that considered Montana mindful from the occasions the happened inside the mid year of 1948. We will compose a custom exposition test on Montana 1948 or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page By plainly expressing that Montana was not to fault, Sheriff Hayden implies that it was the whites in Montana just as his family and himself who were considered dependable from the occasions that emerged inside the mid year of 1948. The entire white populace inside Mercer County were somewhat answerable for the horrendous occasions of Montana 1948. The social condition was one that supported the white people’s esteem and oppressed the Indians. The Indian’s lived away from the whites in little reservations permitting the Indians to have practically zero contact with the white individuals. This had just demonstrated the racial treatment inside Montana. Moreover Ollie Young Bear was an Indian however he was acknowledged from the whites since he lived as white. He was fruitful through each part of life and wedded a white lady. In any case, the Indians, then again had respect accepting that Ollie youthful bear wouldn’t â€Å"be content until he was white. The white social orders inside Montana were all very much aware of the violations submitted by Frank against the Indians. At the point when Wesley and Gail were to make a move on the cases made by Marie about Frank’s bad behaviors, David heard a comment made by Daisy McAuley saying â€Å"Just the squaws however. † Daisy remark indicated a racial articulation about Indian ladies. It gave the idea that Daisy was advocating against Franks activities, in light of the fact that in her eyes Indian ladies were useless and merited the manner in which they were being dealt with. After the discussion among Gail and Daisy, Gail educated Wesley that it was â€Å"around town more than you understand. † Gail’s explanation demonstrated that a great deal of the residents inside Montana knew about Franks exercises yet decide to â€Å"look away† simply like Len, Deputy Sheriff decided to do. It was the racial treatment of the white individuals that neglected Frank’s activities which drove them liable for what happened inside the mid year of 1948. Julian Hayden is the leader of the family and holds extraordinary force inside his family and the network. Accordingly Wes has a vast arrangement of submission and steadfastness towards him. When Gail advises Wes of Frank’s activities, Wes’ first reaction was â€Å"I don’t need this returning to my dad. † This demonstrated that it was so essential to Wes, that his dad doesn’t not get furious. Nonetheless, it turned out Julian previously was very much aware of his most loved son’s bad behavior however accepting it as a joke by expressing â€Å"I wouldn’t be amazed if there weren’t some youthful ones out on the booking who look a great deal like your sibling. Julian decided to agree with Frank, as he barely cared about the Indians as he considered them to have lower status contrasted with the whites. Julian tested Wes’ capture of his sibling by saying â€Å"Some Indian thinks he put his hands where he shouldn’t and you’re pulling out your identification? † Furthermore Frank additionally holds some obligatio n what exactly occurred in Montana. He mishandled his capacity as a specialist which drove him to kill Marie Little Soldier and in the long run end it all. Frank’s status in the network was that he was a real war saint and a specialist yet tragically, he abused his status by attacking Indian young ladies and now and again assaulting honest ladies during private clinical meetings. Straightforward was shrewd, in light of the fact that he realized nobody would comfort him for his activity as a result of the notoriety of his family name and by the reality he had power. At the point when he went to look at Marie at Wesley’s house, he made a presumption about Indian and how â€Å"they are accustomed to being treated by the medication man. Be that as it may, a specialist comes around and they think he’s the malevolent soul. All through the novel, Wes causes an arrangement with Frank for him to stop what his doing to and he wouldn’t press charges, yet when Frank killed Marie just to ‘get rid’ of his past and all the proof, Wes doesn’t delay to capture his sibling. Therefore, Julian and Frank hold an innumerable commitment to the occasions that happened inside the late spring of 1948. At last, the guardians of the law, Sheriff Wesley Hayden and his agent Len McAuley must hold duty regarding what occasions turned out badly throughout the late spring on 1948. As sheriff, Wes had an obligation to guarantee the law was being maintained similarly for the two races. He neglected to do this for quite a while, first by denying his brother’s offenses â€Å"I’m sure he gets things done to all his patients† and later by denying his capture, â€Å"he’ll need to meet discipline in the great beyond. I won’t effectively organize it in this life. † Due to his absence of obligation it prompted the tragic demise of Marie and David’s section charge of seeing his Uncle Frank at their home upon the arrival of her passing, this affected Wesley to follow up on his sibling Frank. Because of Wes capturing Frank, it brings about additional confusions inside the family. Julian reacted by attempting to free Frank by utilizing brutality and afterward Frank ending his life. Wesley at long last understood that deferring equity from a prior phase of the occasions had himself in some commitment to the appalling passings of Marie and Frank. It was Wes himself, who neglected to maintain the law, had fizzled Marie and all the Indian ladies; in this manner he should be accused for the catastrophe, not Montana itself. Nonetheless, Len neglected to maintain his job as Deputy Sheriff, which followed up on his job in the catastrophe. He committed the Hayden’s, it was them that gave him his situation as delegate â€Å"I have this activity. Appointee Sheriff, which I owe to your granddad and your dad†, hence he trusted in â€Å"knowing when to look and when to turn away. † Therefore, Len was both weak and reluctant to challenge Wes’s inactions. Together, both these delegates of the law hold a duty to the occasions which happened inside Montana 1948. Montana 1948 obviously expresses that the occasions that happened inside the late spring couldn't be accused on the state itself. The Hayden was a piece of a culture that recognized against the Indian individuals and disregarded wrongdoings against these individuals. Because of the prejudice treatment the Indians adapted from the white individuals it drove Frank to pull off his defilements. It appeared that the influence, riches and impact the Hayden had inside the network was significantly more significant than the privileges of the Indians to get equity and regard. Julian and Frank additionally remove a portion of the fault because of them taking advantage of the force they had. In deferring equity for such a long time so as to ensure his family, Wesley wound up denying equity towards the Indians and having commitment in the passings of Marie and Frank. Wesley clearly concedes that Montana shouldn’t be accused for the occasions the happened inside the mid year of 1948, when he assaults his little girl in-law by guarding a theme that implied a ton to him. He shows that the white residents that lived in Montana at that point, his family and he himself were the ones who were to be faulted for the sad occasions that happened inside Montana 1948. Montana 1948 free paper test You don’t need Marie stumbling into difficulty right? † Ronnie broke the occasion. My mom isn't one of those run of the mill moms that remained in the house. She is typically out and with Marie; I don’t feel blue by any stretch of the imagination. Im just twelve years of age and leaving in such a modest community, I can practically do what I need as long as I return home before mum or father does. Marie never tells on me at any rate. At that point at that dry warm night, a youthful Sioux lady lies on a bed in our home. She is hot, woozy, and hacking so hard Im apprehensive she would kick the bucket. My dad bows in the kitchen floor asking my mom to support him. It’s a late spring night and the room is splendidly lit. Little creepy crawlies bunch around the light apparatuses, and the arguing quality in my father’s voice helps me to remember those bugs sharp, obstinate, wild eyed. We will compose a custom article test on Montana 1948 or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is a sound I never heard originating from him. My mom thumped a billion times yet nobody addressed the entryway; not so much as a whine of dissent came out of Marie’s lips when mum opened it. In the event that there is something my mom feared the most, it’s becoming ill. I was on the messy kitchen, sufficiently only to hear mum solicit poor Marie Little Soldier arrangement from questions Im not even sure she gets it. Her fever is high, similar to an ice liquefying in a hot day. At that point similarly as I go into the room conveying a glass of water, she moved to her back and brushed her tangled dark hair away from her limited face. I wish I could do it for her without her understanding reality. Her cheeks presently shined so brilliantly that they looked so difficult. I can’t bear to see her face, at that point just I pulled out the entryway, I got her eyes. They appear

The Common Indoor Air Pollutants Environmental Sciences Essay

Air contamination is a look used to portray the air region when the groupings of synthetic substances, particulate undertaking, or organic specialists noticeable all around surpasses the suggested degrees and turned into a start of wellbeing danger or do awkwardness to universes and different creatures, or cause amendss to the populating common habitat. Contamination can be come about because of semisynthetic everyday mechanical techniques and exercises or by the nature. There are numerous signifiers of poisons strong molecules, fluid beads, or gases. Indoor air contamination can be emerges from indoor and out-of-entryway poison beginnings. People groups, especially understudies, spend around 90 % of their live in fixed controlled situations, EPA ( 2001 ) . These fixed situations may hold poison beginnings that could hold short or long consequences for occupants ‘ health, comfort, prosperity, confidence and productiveness. The quality of the impacts relies upon the level of the nature of within air ( contamination degrees ) . In ongoing mature ages, the issue of indoor air and its quality ( IAQ ) has become a globally perceived issue that got the going to of research laborers and the inhabitants toward bettering the nature of air inside buildings situations. Fanger ( 2006 ) characterizes the indoor air quality ( IAQ ) as â€Å" the longing of human to fathom the air as new and wonderful, with no negative effects on their heath and productiveness † . Many research laborers, for example, Wark and Warner ( 1981 ) and Singh ( 1996 ) explored talked about the beginnings of the outside and the indoor contaminatio n that influenced the indoor air. They found that the indoor air quality can be affected by the out-of-entryway air contamination beginnings, for example, traffic ; mechanical ; building, and consuming exercises and the indoor beginnings, for example, airing hardware, trappingss, and human exercises. Regular Indoor Air Pollutants In this development, the basic indoor air quality parametric amounts and its open air and indoor start in add-on to it is health danger on human will be examined. The regular IAQ parametric amounts comprises of three physical parametric amounts ( room temperature, similar stickiness, and air movement ) identified with occupants ‘ warm solace which is characterized in the old section, eight vaporous tainting parametric amounts ( sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , C monoxide ( CO ) , C dioxide ( CO2 ) , formaldehyde ( HCHO ) , radon ( Rn ) , ozone ( O3 ) and hydrocarbons ) and three airborne defilements parametric amounts, particulates undertakings ( PM ) ; bioaerosols ( bacteriums, infections, Fungis and dust, aë†â ¦etc ) and cleans, In add-on to the treatment of olfactory properties. Sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) This kind of contamination gas has been widely concentrated by many research laborers around the universe in out-of-doorss situations because of it is high tendency to react with wide extent of synthetic concoctions. SO2 is a vapid gas with a trademark sharp olfactory property and results from the petroleum derivatives consuming. Corrosive downpour is one of the out-of-entryway contamination work cased by this gas. Indoor SO2 fixations are ordinarily lower than outside, likely around 0.1 ppm, ( Andersen 1972 ; Yocom, 1982 and Meyer, 1983 ) . Because of it tendency to react with numerous synthetic substances, indoor SO2 can react with structure stuffs and consumed by the building surfaces ( Andersen 1972 ) . This gas can grow dim in H2O and blends in with air in all temperatures. The boss indoor beginnings of SO2 are coal terminating inside hearths and using fuel oil reaches and warmers. Sulfur dioxide causes concern, general awkwardness, uneasiness, and redness of the respiratory real estate parcel, wheezing, lung mischief, and irritation of the eyes, nose and pharynx, gagging and hacking, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) Nitrogen dioxide is acidic gas with bitter olfactory property and framed in open air from high temperature consuming methodology by the response of the azotic oxide ( NO ) with Oxygen ( O2 ) and Ozone ( O3 ) . Engine vehicles add to around 55 % of the artificial NOx transmissions, EPA ( 2008 ) . The significant beginnings of this gas in inside conditions are gas cookery extents and hotter and baccy seethe, Samet et al. , ( 1987 ) . In a study done by Yocom ( 1982 ) among British school messes with it was discovered that students whom experience the ill effects of diminished respiratory guide are populating in houses with gas ranges. Presentation to low degrees of Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) causes brevity of breath, weakness, affliction and disturbance to the eyes, nose, pharynx, and lungs ; introduction to high degrees cause quick burning, cramps, growing of tissues in the pharynx and upper respiratory land parcel, diminished oxygenation of natural structure tissues, a development of liquid in the lungs, and may take to expire, ( Burgess and Crutchfield, 1995 ; Bascom et Al. 1996 and ASHRAE, 2009 ) . Carbon monoxide ( CO ) CO is an extremely toxicant asphyxiant and non aggravating gas that has no shading, olfactory property or gustatory sensation. This gas delivered by the uncomplete consuming of carbon-based powers ( Yocom, 1982 and Meyer, 1983 ) . Vehicular vapor is a significant start of C monoxide, ( Moolenaar et al. , 1995 ; Girman et al. , 1998 and EPA, 2008 ) . The indoor C monoxide focuses are as often as possible higher than the out-of-entryway fixations because of the spread from gas reaches and baccy rage, ( Yocom, 1982 and Girman et al. , 1998 ) . The central result of this gas on human wellbeing is its partiality for hemoglobin in blood. The breathed in CO blends in with the hemoglobin in the blood and signifiers carboxyhemoglobin that lessens the O shipping limit of the blood vass. CO is multiple times more effective at hemoglobin following than Oxygen, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . Presentation to carbon monoxide causes concerns, brevity of breath, musculus achings, chest harming, especially in individuals with old chest employments history, hazy vision, energy, sickness/retching, falling flat, disarray, exhaustion, quick chest rate at high degrees, quick profound outside breath at high degrees, blacking out and expire at high degrees, CPSC ( 2008 ) . Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) Carbon dioxide is a dull, unscented, asphyxiant nursery gas produced from the total consuming of the C with Oxygen. The mean run of the mill groupings of CO2 in the open air and indoor ( nonindustrial ) condition are 350-400 ppm, and 400-1200 ppm, severally, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . The main beginnings of the indoor CO2 are human natural structure through the transformation method ( supplement ingestion ) , and occupants ‘ action. The health employments related with C dioxide presentation are concerns, energy, anxiety, sentiment of a failure to calmly inhale, disquiet ( cloud sentiment of awkwardness ) , expanded chest rate, expanded blood power per unit territory, visual twisting, debilitated hearing, sickness/spewing, loss of awareness, trance state, eruptions, expire from suffocation ( natural structure cells do non secure the O they have to populate ) , EPA ( 2008 ) . Formaldehyde ( HCHO ) Formaldehyde is a dull with a solid impactful olfactory property and considered as the vast majority of import substance in the aldehydes bunch because of it is to a great extent utilized in the creation method of many developing stuffs, for example, froth insularity, plyboard, floor coverings, consuming contraptions and particle board glues which discharges again the methanal to the indoor condition. The run of the mill indoor methanal fixations extend from 0.05 to 1 ppm, where in the new structures the indoor degrees of the methanal are high, ( Meyer, 1983 ; Samet et al. , 1991 ) and the greater part of the gripes were from structures with formaldehyde foam insularity and traveling places that utilizes plyboard framing, Wadden ( 1983 ) . The pace of dispersion of this substance is a guide of the indoor temperature and mugginess. Presenting to formaldehyde can do wellbeing impacts incorporate oculus, nose, and pharynx disturbance ; wheezing and hacking ; exhaustion ; skin roseola ; horrendous hypersensitive responses, EPA ( 2008 ) . High convergences of methanal may do threatening neoplastic malady and different impacts recorded under natural gases. Radon ( Rn ) Radon is a latent radioactive, dismal, unscented, boring baronial synthetic gas part. Normally, this part can be found as earth gas contained Rn shaped from the rot product of uranium and can remain as a gas under ordinary natural conditions. This contaminant segment can be found inside because of certain beginnings, for example, building stuffs especially that rich with Ra, for example, alum shale-based stuff and phosphogypsum drywall, profound Wellss H2O petroleum gas holding high Rn fixations. Another head starting is the progression of the soil gas into the spots through building clefts, sumps and some other holes or around the solid chunk, Bale ( 1980 ) . Because of snugness of the structures plan, the indoor focuses are typically higher than that in out-of-entryway condition. As of late, this part is considered as cancer-causing agent segment du to it is radiation, which has a basic health peril on structures inhabitants, where it is viewed as the second most ground of lung dan gerous neoplastic malady after casket nail smoke, EPA ( 2008 ) . Ozone ( O3 ) Ozone is an extremely responsive contamination that can oxidize the greater part of the synthetics in nature, for example, aldehydes. In characteristic open air condition, Ozone produces from the result of the daylight on the N oxides and hydrocarbons. Regularly the Ozone focuses in the out-of-entryway condition are higher than that found in inside. The central beginnings of the high indoor Ozone focus are the copiers, optical maser pressmans, electrostatic air cleaners and x-beam generators, ( Yocom, 1982 and Wadden, 1983 ) . These beginnings create electrostatic Fieldss that can deliver incredibly poisonous centralizations of ozone in air. Presenting to low fixation deg

Blog Archive mbaMissions Exclusive Interview with Amanda Carlson, Assistant Dean of Admissions at Columbia Business School

Blog Archive mbaMission’s Exclusive Interview with Amanda Carlson, Assistant Dean of Admissions at Columbia Business School mbaMission was happy to be able to speak one-on-one recently with Amanda Carlson, Columbia Business School’s (CBS’s) assistant dean of admissions, about the MBA program’s resources and admissions processes.   She graciously shared some interesting insight on the following topics: What she feels are CBS’s greatest strengths and resources Her department’s recent efforts to add transparency to the admissions process The CBS interview process and the mind-set of the school’s interviewers toward applicants The trend of ever-increasing GMAT scores and the truth behind some common admissions “myths” What raises red flags for the school’s admissions committee Read on for the full transcript of the conversation. mbaMission: Amanda, thanks so much for speaking with usâ€"I really appreciate your time. I’d love to start with a question about culture. We recently saw the CBS second-year flash mob video and were struck by what that seemed to show and say about the sense of community at CBS. I heard it took a whole year to plan! Can you give me your take on the intensity of the community at Columbia, and can you describe the culture a little? Amanda Carlson: The admissions committee was meeting that night shortly after the flash mob had taken place, and one of the students sent a link to a member of our team, so we got to see it that very night! It was really something, and it just really warmed our hearts, and it was a perfect example of how our students really care about giving back to the community. Our culture embraces people that really want to maximize their opportunities. There are so many different opportunities at Columbiaâ€"academic, professional, social and volunteerâ€"and I think our students recognize that our community-driven culture can help open up opportunities that otherwise might not come about. There’s a lot of comradery among the student population, and it’s very respectful in terms of the students appreciating what each other’s respective priorities are. I think an overarching kind of mind-set is that our students will maximize all opportunities as they come while at the same time being cognizant of giving back to the community and the school. mbaMission: People typically think finance when they think of Columbia Business School. Would you agree with that? What do you feel CBS should be known for? AC: What should CBS be known for? We’ve earned a great reputation as a very strong finance school, but we are so much more than just finance. One of the things that people often don’t necessarily recognize is that Columbia puts a tremendous premium on our core curriculum. All of our students receive fundamentalsâ€"such as statistics, accounting, marketing, financeâ€"that teach them how to be good stewards and great leaders. This core has evolved in such a way that it is woven throughout the curriculum, and this is a great way for students to learn to connect the dots among all the different classes. It encourages our students to think much more broadly and holistically about the different aspects of each of the classes within the core. So our brand really does go beyond finance. Columbia certainly has terrific and tremendous finance programsâ€"don’t get me wrongâ€"but at the heart, it’s about creating a pathway that teaches our students how to connect the dots, and that in turn creates great future business leaders. mbaMission: Great. Aside from the obvious advantage of being located in New York City and so close to Wall Street, what is it about Columbia’s finance program that allows it to stand out so much? AC: I think it’s about the people that make up our community. When I think about the different types of professors we have here, we’re very blessed to have obviously research faculty but also real-world practitioners who come to campus and teach. What’s so special about our research faculty is that they’re able to slide seamlessly between their research and practiceâ€"consulting for governmental bodies or for different multinational companiesâ€"and then they are able to apply that learning, that research, that experience to our students’ academic experience in the classroom. And the practitioners we have are people who may work at boutique investment banks and private equity firms or in asset management as value investors. These people are practitioners by trade, and their real-world experiences make them invaluable to our students. They come here and are able to teach the students exactly what’s going on in real time, as things are happening. And I think that having both types of faculty, that’s a tremendous asset academically as well as professionally for students who are looking for related post-MBA roles. mbaMission: Beyond finance, can you speak about the hidden gems that Columbia has? Is there a department whose profile you feel needs to come out from the shadows and that Columbia Business School should also be known for? AC: Where do I start? There are so many little pieces that collectively make up this experience. Well, I just finished my own executive MBA, the EMBA Global Asia program, which is a program that Columbia has that’s run in conjunction with London Business School and the University of Hong Kong. I took most of my electives here, and I think about a class like the retailing leadership class I took with Professor [Mark A.] Cohen. It was extraordinaryâ€"Professor Cohen used to be the chairman and CEO of Sears Canada. It was a three-hour class that met on Wednesday afternoons, and for the first 20 or so minutes, we would talk about what’s new and different in the retail industry. So whatever topic was trending in the newsâ€"like holiday shoppingâ€"would launch the class for about 20 minutes, and then we would transition into a specific retail case. Later we would hear from a CEO or CFO of a major retail company, which once again showed how the lessons learned in the classroom were bein g implemented in the real world. This past semester, we heard from Michael Gould, who’s the chairman and CEO of Bloomingdales. He’s an alum of Columbia Business School and a member of our Board of Overseers. We also heard from Jerome Chazen, one of the founders of Liz Claiborne. He’s also an alum and a member of our Board of Overseers. We heard from the CEO of Maidenform, the CEO of Gerber Childrenswear, the former CEO of Sears. I mean, it was just extraordinary to be able to hear from so many people who have obviously had tremendous experience in retail and to be able to ask very direct questions in such a small group. I think experiences like these are something we should be known for here at Columbia. I think the Demming Center [The W. Edwards Deming Center for Quality, Productivity, and Competitiveness] is at the cutting edge of showing how integral “operations” is in the business space. I took a strategy operations class with Professor Nelson Fraiman  where our class paired up into small consulting groups, and we partnered with entrepreneurs in Latin America that the professors had set us up with. And in addition to the cases we did in class, we had a team of executives from IBM come in and talk to us about all the different opportunities there are to work at IBM, and also what they were doing. mbaMission: I’ve been in this business a long time, and I feel like I know the schools really well, but I think you opened my eyes to a few new things that will help applicants a lot. That’s great. So, you are the “new” assistant dean of admissions for CBS, though I put that “new” in quotes, because I know you’ve been in admissions for more than a few years. Are there any changes in the process that you foresee? AC: In the application process? mbaMission: Yes, in the application process going forward. Anything you see changing for CBS? This year, for instance, there has been a slight de-emphasis on essays as word counts have come down, and some schools are trying new group interview techniques. Are you looking to make any big changes to Columbia’s process, or do you think it is fine that way it is? AC: I feel like what we’re doing has been pretty smooth, and it has served us well. Our admissions team evaluates applications for a number of different programs. We have the August intake, which is the one that has about 550 students in it; we have the January intake, which has about 200 students; and then we have a whole variety of executive MBA programs. We are evaluating a lot of different applications at one time, so our process needs to be efficient and sound, which fortunately I believe it is, but we are constantly looking to improve. One thing that we’ve worked very hard on this year is trying to give people a much more transparent time frame in terms of when they can expect to get a decision. Within about six weeks or so, they’ll learn whether they’ll have an interview or their application is not going to be moving further in the process. And then after somebody has been interviewed, we’ve told themâ€"and I think we’ve done a pretty good job of sticking with thisâ€"that we’ll get them a decision within two weeks after their completed interview report has been submitted. So we’re trying to make small tweaks in our process to make the whole system be more transparent for applicants and much more, I think, palatable, because the rolling admissions is something that has caused confusion for people at times. We want to make it as easy to understand as possible. mbaMission: When you yourself evaluate an application, where do you start? Do you go page by page, or just start with the person’s essays or resume? Can you take us through how you would look at a file? AC: Absolutely. Everyone on our team has their own internal processes as to what we’re most comfortable with and how to get a good sense of the applicantâ€"how to understand who somebody isâ€"but at the end of the day, each application receives the same time and attention and is evaluated using the same measures. One of the things I look at first, certainly, is the resume, so I can get an overarching perspective relatively quickly of where someone has come from since college. Then I try to assess where this applicant wants to go by evaluating their essays. Next, I will look at the letters of recommendation, and then I look at the kind of skeleton details that are provided in the application. So, for example, where does the person live? From where have they come? What is their hometown? What are the specific reasons they’ve had for leaving jobs and making the transitions that they have throughout the course of their career? We can probably make some educated guesses based on a per son’s resume, but I look to other parts of the application to kind of fill in the gaps for me. And then the last thing I look at is whether the applicant has gone through the interview process already, and if so, I would then go look at the interview report. mbaMission: Can you walk us through the entire process? When a file is submitted, what happens next? AC: That’s a good question. We evaluate all the applications onlineâ€"no paper, of course. When an application comes in to us, it gets put into an electronic queue and given a time stamp. Then, we have a team thatâ€"without getting into too much nitty-gritty detailâ€"will assign members of the admissions committee a number of files per week. So somebody who’s reading an application can recommend that the applicant be interviewed or denied. If the recommendation is for an interview, then the candidate will be interviewed, and if the recommendation is that somebody is denied admission, the application would go to a second member of the admissions committee before being evaluated before the larger committee. mbaMission: So let’s say an applicant is denied by the first admissions reader and that person’s application is passed on to a second committee member. If that second committee member also doesn’t want to move the applicant forward, I’m assuming that person is done, right? But what if the second person disagrees and says, “Let’s interview this person”? AC: Then we’ll interview them. Anytime somebody says they would like to have an applicant interview, they go forward for an interview. mbaMission: Okay. And so after someone is interviewed, does that person’s application then make its way to your desk? Do you reconvene in a group and evaluate applicants that way? AC: We meet as a group. If one person says denied, and the second person says denied, it’s basically, “Okay, then, we agree with that.” If the applicant goes forward to an interview, they would have the interview, and then the committee would convene to evaluate the applicant during the final read. mbaMission: Right. So, let me switch gears a bit. In the admissions mythology, there is this sense that a “safe” GMAT score is a 700 total score with an 80th percentile on both sides of the test [Quant and Verbal], but Quant scores in particular have really been going up, meaning the percentile for some previously high scores has dropped. So these days, even a 48 out of a 51, for example, will not be an 80th percentile quant score. Should candidates be worried about the percentiles, or are you looking at their Quant scores in absolute terms? Do you know what I’m saying? AC: I know exactly what you’re saying, and what I can tell you is a resounding, emphatic “No.” That is not accurate and not the way we do things. I understand this whole application process is so daunting; it can be so intimidating. I think people should try to relax and not get caught up in some of the noise they may hear from I’m not quite sure what sources. People do not have to have this 80/80 type of a breakdown to be admitted. I can’t be emphatic about that enough. It’s amazing to me how high so many of these scores are, but it’s something that we take in context with the larger academic aspect of their applicationâ€"what somebody did as an undergrad or what their undergraduate major may have been and what classes they took, and how did they do. And we also consider it in concert with what they’re doing right now for work. There are a host of factors that go into our evaluation, and our goal is to try to get a holistic view of the person rather than fixate on one score or another. mbaMission: What would you say is a red flag for you? What would stand out and give you pause when you’re reading a person’s application? AC: That’s a great question. I think one thing that raises not a red flag but more like a yellow flag is when somebody’s really interested in making a career changeâ€"and I know that a lot of people come to business school to make a career changeâ€"but there needs to be some consistency in their story. So if, and I’m going to make up an example, if somebody wants to go from working in marketing at a financial services company to working in real estate development, what can they claim that shows demonstrated commitment to this interest in real estate development? I mean, is there volunteer work? Is there academic background? Are there continuing education classes? Is there a membership in some type of professional organization that would show that this is actually coming from some place genuine and it’s not just a pie-in-the-sky idea of what they think they might want to do with their MBA? So that’s something that we look at very, very closely. There’s so much for our students to do when they are at school, and we want to make sure that they’re realistic in their expectations about what we can facilitate for them, about what the folks in our career management office can assist with. So we really want to ensure that those yellow flags are addressed before we accept somebody into the program. mbaMission: As you of course know, CBS has its own admissions timetable. Can you discuss the differences between rounds? Should an individual who applies in the regular decision round feel that he has negatively identified himself by not applying early? AC: Thank you for asking that. Again, I have an emphatic “No” to the second part of that question. mbaMission: I think that’s something a lot of candidates worry about, so I appreciate your clarifying that. AC: Great. And let me be really clear: we receive the bulk of our applications during the regular decision period, and that’s when we admit most of our applicants. We know that people are kind of shopping around, trying to figure out what programs are the best fit, and that’s something really important to do, and that takes time. So if people are still trying to figure things out and don’t know if Columbia is an ideal fit for them, then they absolutely should apply during the regular decision period. In the early decision period, there are some candidates who know that this is a dream school for them, and I think that applying early decision will serve them well, because they want their decision sooner. They would like to know in August or September that they’re locked down and have the opportunity to come here next year, if Columbia’s where they want to be. And we want to give them that option. So in terms of the rolling admissions process, basically what it boils down to is that we read applications in the order in which they are submitted, and again, as I referenced earlier, we’re trying to be very transparent with a particular time frame of when candidates will get a decision. That’s really what the difference is and how our approach works. It’s not: if you submit your application on X date, you’ll get a decision on Y date. It’s: we’ll read the applications in the order in which they’re submitted. You’ll hear something within six weeks, and then however long it takes you to set up your interview and for your interview feedback to be submitted, we’ll get you a decision within two weeks after that. Hopefully, knowing that type of a time frame will make people feel much more comfortable with rolling admissions. mbaMission: The next question that I haveâ€"and you kind of touched on it with your example of the marketing individual who wants to enter real estate developmentâ€"is about why CBS asks about goals in its essays. So many students change their minds when in school. What’s the benefit of a goal statement? AC: That’s a great question. I think what so much of that boils down to is that there are 24 hours in a day, and recruiting starts just six weeks after a student steps foot on campus, so recruiters are comingâ€"and again, we have this blessing of our location in New Yorkâ€"and there’s so much to take advantage of, from brown bag lunches to recruiting receptions to different guest speakers. We had more than 450 speakers come to campus last year, and somebody could really have their head spinning in terms of figuring out “what is it that I want to do?” while at the same time going through the various opportunities available in every 24 hours at Columbia. You don’t get a second chance to do business school, and we don’t want people to miss this opportunity to really be able to achieve and maximize what they can from their business school experience. So we want people to have a pretty good idea of the path they’d like to pursue. I feel like our students can really be kids in a candy store, given everything at the Office of Student Affairs Career Management. It’s not that they can’t change their minds, but they need to understand that it’s important to have some type of a general focus and to keep their eye on the prize so they can maximize all the abundant resources there are at Columbia. mbaMission: Let’s shift a little to interviews. Can you start by walking us through a typical admissions interview? What can an applicant expect, and what should applicants do to prepare? AC: Sure. I always encourage applicants to prepare for a business school interview just like they would for a professional interview, and to put themselves in the shoes of the interviewer. If you were interviewing somebody for your alma mater, what would you want to know? Most of our interviews are conducted by our alumni, and the interviews are blind, so the only thing the interviewer knows about the candidate is what they tell the interviewer. I also encourage applicants to try to be relaxed and natural. Look, when we do interviews, we’re always rooting for the candidates, and I think our alums bring that perspective as well. It’s their opportunity to talk about Columbia just as it is to learn about what the next generation of Columbia students is going to look like, and we’re always championing people. So I think the candidates should kind of take a step back and think, “Okay, if I’m interviewing somebody from my alma mater, am I going into it thinking I really want to like this person or I really don’t want to like this person?” Of course you’re going to want to like the person. So that really should put people at ease when they’re meeting with us. But all that said, you should still prepare as you would for a professional interview. Reread your application. The admissions committee is of course going to look for consistency in your story. It should not come as a surprise to anybody that if a person who’s interviewing says, “Well, I’d like to go into health care” to the interviewer but said, “I want to go into real estate development” in their application, that’s clearly going to be something that gets our minds percolating. mbaMission: How often does that happen? AC: You’d be surprised. Of course, I’m making up an extreme example, but inconsistencies happen more than you might think. mbaMission: What should someone expect during a Columbia interview itself? AC: We don’t give the interviewers a script per se. They’ve got some general guidelines as to what they should be asking, but there is nothing that should take a candidate by surprise. Think about goals. Think about fit. Think about larger business issues. Think about community. When I meet with people, I always think to myself and will even sometimes be forthcoming and just say, “Look, I’m not trying to trick you or trap you. We’re just trying to get to know you a little bit better.” And I think the more relaxed and natural people can be, the better they’re going to do. mbaMission: Right. And interviews are typically about a half hour long? AC: They can last anywhere from half an hour to an hour. A few weeks ago, I went down to Washington, DC, because we had a large number of applicants who needed to be interviewed. Some were 30 minutes and others 60 minutes. One thing I’ll say is that the length of your interview in no way hints at your chances of admittance. I’ve had 30-minute interviews where people were admitted and 60-minute interviews where they weren’t. The reverse of both of these is certainly true as well. mbaMission: And so you occasionally jump in if there’s too much demand, or do you look at someone’s file and say, “Wow, that’s an interesting person. I’d like to talk to that person”? AC: No I don’t cherry pick interviews. If there’s a need due to high demand, geographical constraints or other circumstances, then I’ll jump in. Or if we have to Skype interview somebodyâ€"that’s when the admissions committee would actually do the interviews. mbaMission: And when do you use Skype to interview people? Is it just when they’re just so remote? AC: Yes. Perhaps somebody is a part of the military and deployed abroad, or they’re off doing something in a distant locationâ€"that would generally be when we use Skype. It’s certainly not ideal, that’s not what we strive for, but if we need to do it that way, we’re able to. mbaMission: Right. And why do you primarily use alumni to conduct your interviews? AC: The alumni bring an invaluable perspective to interviewing prospective students. And we of course love to keep our alumni engaged. We love to hear their perspective, and it’s really heartwarming when we hear from the alumni that they’ve really connected with somebody so much so that they’d even like to give a candidate a job offer or an internship over the summer while they’re here. I also think it’s beneficial for the candidates to be able to hear from somebody who’s gone through the program. They can ask them all the nitty-gritty questions that perhaps a member of the admissions committee who hasn’t gone through the program wouldn’t be able to answer quite as well. mbaMission: Let me ask just one more question on interviews. What if an interview just doesn’t go well? Let’s say I am a candidate, and I have just a disastrous experienceâ€"I don’t know, my alumnus woke up on the wrong side of the bed and was totally disengaged and I could tell, or even I woke up on the wrong side of the bed, and I’m generally a great interviewer, but I just floundered for some reason. Is there anything I can do, or is that just life? AC: We are always open to hearing that feedback. We may not always be able to accommodate somebody with a second interview, but it is not unheard of that if somebody gives us that feedback, we might bring them in to meet with us or match them up with a second interviewer. That’s not unheard of, but we wouldn’t guarantee that for everyone. mbaMission: Right. The vast majority of alumni are great, of course, but when you’re dealing with such a large and diverse group, every once in a while, someone just misses. AC: Sure. The way I look at itâ€"and I mean this from the bottom of my heartâ€"is that when we bring people in, we really really want to like them, so we want to do everything we can to give them every shot to put their best foot forward. mbaMission: Definitely. So many people perceive the admissions committee as being so negative and punitive, like they’re just sitting there waiting to reject people, and it’s really not like that at all. AC: No. Not at all. We wouldn’t be in this business if we were like that! mbaMission: That’s a great way of ending this interviewâ€"on that note. Thank you so much for this. AC: Sureâ€"thank you! Share ThisTweet Admissions Officer Interviews Columbia University (Columbia Business School)